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                <p><strong>群组</strong><br><strong>欢迎加入群组,闲聊工作&amp;技术&amp;问题等</strong></p>
<p><img src="https://github.com/waitwalker/Resources/blob/master/Flutter/group/flutter_development_0923.JPG?raw=true" width="350" height="480" align="center"></p>
<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Objective-C是面向对象的语言.面向对象语言有一句话说:”万物皆对象”,这个”对象”从哪里来呢?下面从Runtime源码实现来进一步查看.</p>
<h3 id="一-objc-object声明相关"><a href="#一-objc-object声明相关" class="headerlink" title="一. objc_object声明相关"></a>一. objc_object声明相关</h3><p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;首先我们先看runtime.h文件,这个文件相当于Runtime对外部提供的接口文件.包含方法,成员变量,分类,属性等结构声明,也包含了objc_class的完整声明.当我们使用Xcode创建一个类的时候一般都是调用的这里.</p>
<pre><code>/**
    Runtime对外提供的接口,包含方法,成员变量,分类,属性等结构声明,也包含了objc_class的完整声明

 **/

/* Types */

#if !OBJC_TYPES_DEFINED

/// 表示一个类中的方法
/// An opaque type that represents a method in a class definition.
typedef struct objc_method *Method;

/// 表示类中的一个成员变量
/// An opaque type that represents an instance variable.
typedef struct objc_ivar *Ivar;

/// 表示一个分类
/// An opaque type that represents a category.
typedef struct objc_category *Category;

/// 表示一个属性
/// An opaque type that represents an Objective-C declared property.
typedef struct objc_property *objc_property_t;

/// 类的声明结构
struct objc_class {
    Class _Nonnull isa  OBJC_ISA_AVAILABILITY;

#if !__OBJC2__
    Class _Nullable super_class                              OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE;
    const char * _Nonnull name                               OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE;
    long version                                             OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE;
    long info                                                OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE;
    long instance_size                                       OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE;
    struct objc_ivar_list * _Nullable ivars                  OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE;
    struct objc_method_list * _Nullable * _Nullable methodLists                    OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE;
    struct objc_cache * _Nonnull cache                       OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE;
    struct objc_protocol_list * _Nullable protocols          OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE;
#endif

} OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE;
/* Use `Class` instead of `struct objc_class *` */
</code></pre><p>可以看到objc_class的结构声明中有isa指针,这个指针是Class类型,然后我们顺藤摸瓜,继续查找Class的定义来源.然后找到了objc-private.h文件,进入文件后我们看到结构体objc_class和objc_object的不完整声明如下:</p>
<pre><code>// MARK: - objc_class 和 objc_object 不完整声明
struct objc_class;
struct objc_object;
</code></pre><p>接着是用typedef 将这两个类型取了两个熟悉的名字:Class指针和id指针:</p>
<pre><code>// MARK: - 将objc_class类型取名为Class指针类型;将objc_object类型取名为id指针类型
typedef struct objc_class *Class;
typedef struct objc_object *id;
</code></pre><p><br><br>往下就是isa的声明union(联合体),isa_t中有两个初始化函数,两个成员变量,cls和bits,还有一个结构体成员.其中在不同的os平台,有不同的声明.</p>
<pre><code># if __arm64__
#   define ISA_MASK        0x0000000ffffffff8ULL
#   define ISA_MAGIC_MASK  0x000003f000000001ULL
#   define ISA_MAGIC_VALUE 0x000001a000000001ULL
#   define ISA_BITFIELD                                                      \
      uintptr_t nonpointer        : 1;                                       \
      uintptr_t has_assoc         : 1;                                       \
      uintptr_t has_cxx_dtor      : 1;                                       \
      uintptr_t shiftcls          : 33; /*MACH_VM_MAX_ADDRESS 0x1000000000*/ \
      uintptr_t magic             : 6;                                       \
      uintptr_t weakly_referenced : 1;                                       \
      uintptr_t deallocating      : 1;                                       \
      uintptr_t has_sidetable_rc  : 1;                                       \
      uintptr_t extra_rc          : 19
#   define RC_ONE   (1ULL&lt;&lt;45)
#   define RC_HALF  (1ULL&lt;&lt;18)

# elif __x86_64__
#   define ISA_MASK        0x00007ffffffffff8ULL
#   define ISA_MAGIC_MASK  0x001f800000000001ULL
#   define ISA_MAGIC_VALUE 0x001d800000000001ULL
#   define ISA_BITFIELD                                                        \
      uintptr_t nonpointer        : 1;                                         \
      uintptr_t has_assoc         : 1;                                         \
      uintptr_t has_cxx_dtor      : 1;                                         \
      uintptr_t shiftcls          : 44; /*MACH_VM_MAX_ADDRESS 0x7fffffe00000*/ \
      uintptr_t magic             : 6;                                         \
      uintptr_t weakly_referenced : 1;                                         \
      uintptr_t deallocating      : 1;                                         \
      uintptr_t has_sidetable_rc  : 1;                                         \
      uintptr_t extra_rc          : 8
#   define RC_ONE   (1ULL&lt;&lt;56)
#   define RC_HALF  (1ULL&lt;&lt;7)

# else
#   error unknown architecture for packed isa
# endif

// SUPPORT_PACKED_ISA
#endif


#if SUPPORT_INDEXED_ISA

# if  __ARM_ARCH_7K__ &gt;= 2  ||  (__arm64__ &amp;&amp; !__LP64__)
    // armv7k or arm64_32

#   define ISA_INDEX_IS_NPI_BIT  0
#   define ISA_INDEX_IS_NPI_MASK 0x00000001
#   define ISA_INDEX_MASK        0x0001FFFC
#   define ISA_INDEX_SHIFT       2
#   define ISA_INDEX_BITS        15
#   define ISA_INDEX_COUNT       (1 &lt;&lt; ISA_INDEX_BITS)
#   define ISA_INDEX_MAGIC_MASK  0x001E0001
#   define ISA_INDEX_MAGIC_VALUE 0x001C0001
#   define ISA_BITFIELD                         \
      uintptr_t nonpointer        : 1;          \
      uintptr_t has_assoc         : 1;          \
      uintptr_t indexcls          : 15;         \
      uintptr_t magic             : 4;          \
      uintptr_t has_cxx_dtor      : 1;          \
      uintptr_t weakly_referenced : 1;          \
      uintptr_t deallocating      : 1;          \
      uintptr_t has_sidetable_rc  : 1;          \
      uintptr_t extra_rc          : 7
#   define RC_ONE   (1ULL&lt;&lt;25)
#   define RC_HALF  (1ULL&lt;&lt;6)
</code></pre><p>nonpointer: 标记此isa是否是tagged pointer优化后的isa.占用1bit.值为1说明是优化后的isa.具体参考<a href="https://blog.devtang.com/2014/05/30/understand-tagged-pointer/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">链接</a>,tagged pointer是对实例对象的优化,默认是true,并且是isClass的判断,这是我看源码的理解,不对请指正<br><br>has_assoc:标记object是否有关联对象,没有,释放更快<br><br>has_cxx_dtor:标记是否有西沟函数,没有,释放更快<br><br>shiftcls:类对象(Class,meta-Class对象)内存地址信息<br><br>magic:标记object是否初始化完成<br><br>weakly_refrenced:标记object是否有weak指针指向它<br><br>deallocating:标记object是否正在释放<br><br>has_sidetable_rc:标记object的extra_rc位数能否存的下object的引用计数,存不下即has_sidetable_rc=1,存在全局的SideTable里面<br><br>extra_rc:存储object的引用计数,存不下,存在全局的SideTable里面<br></p>
<p><strong>下面是object的完整声明:</strong></p>
<pre><code>// MARK: - object的完整声明
struct objc_object {
private:

    // 私有成员变量: isa指针
    isa_t isa;

// 公有函数
public:

    // 通过这个函数获取不支持tagged pointer的类指针
    // ISA() assumes this is NOT a tagged pointer object
    Class ISA();


    // 通过这个函数获取支持tagged pointer的类指针
    // getIsa() allows this to be a tagged pointer object
    Class getIsa();

    // 以下几个函数是isa的初始化函数

    // initIsa()用来初始化一个新的对象的isa
    // initIsa() should be used to init the isa of new objects only.

    // changeIsa 修改一个对象的isa
    // If this object already has an isa, use changeIsa() for correctness.

    // initInstanceIsa()用来初始化一个实例对象的isa
    // initInstanceIsa(): objects with no custom RR/AWZ

    // initClassIsa()用来初始化一个类对象的isa
    // initClassIsa(): class objects

    // initProtocolIsa()用来初始化一个protocol的isa
    // initProtocolIsa(): protocol objects

    // initIsa()还用来初始化其它类型对象的isa
    // initIsa(): other objects
    void initIsa(Class cls /*nonpointer=false*/);
    void initClassIsa(Class cls /*nonpointer=maybe*/);
    void initProtocolIsa(Class cls /*nonpointer=maybe*/);
    void initInstanceIsa(Class cls, bool hasCxxDtor);

    // changeIsa() should be used to change the isa of existing objects.
    // If this is a new object, use initIsa() for performance.
    Class changeIsa(Class newCls);

    // tagged pointer 相关
    bool hasNonpointerIsa();
    bool isTaggedPointer();
    bool isBasicTaggedPointer();
    bool isExtTaggedPointer();

    // 是否是Class
    bool isClass();

    // 关联对象相关
    // object may have associated objects?
    bool hasAssociatedObjects();
    void setHasAssociatedObjects();

    // weak指针相关
    // object may be weakly referenced?
    bool isWeaklyReferenced();
    void setWeaklyReferenced_nolock();

    // 对象是否有析构函数
    // object may have -.cxx_destruct implementation?
    bool hasCxxDtor();

    // retain 和 release 操作对象的引用计数 声明函数
    // Optimized calls to retain/release methods
    id retain();
    void release();
    id autorelease();


    // retain 和 release 操作对象的引用计数 实现函数
    // Implementations of retain/release methods
    id rootRetain();
    bool rootRelease();
    id rootAutorelease();
    bool rootTryRetain();
    bool rootReleaseShouldDealloc();
    uintptr_t rootRetainCount();

    // 释放销毁对象相关
    // Implementation of dealloc methods
    bool rootIsDeallocating();
    void clearDeallocating();
    void rootDealloc();

// 私有函数 上面一些公有函数的调用函数
private:
    void initIsa(Class newCls, bool nonpointer, bool hasCxxDtor);

    // Slow paths for inline control
    id rootAutorelease2();
    bool overrelease_error();

#if SUPPORT_NONPOINTER_ISA
    // Unified retain count manipulation for nonpointer isa
    id rootRetain(bool tryRetain, bool handleOverflow);
    bool rootRelease(bool performDealloc, bool handleUnderflow);
    id rootRetain_overflow(bool tryRetain);
    bool rootRelease_underflow(bool performDealloc);

    void clearDeallocating_slow();

    // Side table retain count overflow for nonpointer isa
    void sidetable_lock();
    void sidetable_unlock();

    void sidetable_moveExtraRC_nolock(size_t extra_rc, bool isDeallocating, bool weaklyReferenced);
    bool sidetable_addExtraRC_nolock(size_t delta_rc);
    size_t sidetable_subExtraRC_nolock(size_t delta_rc);
    size_t sidetable_getExtraRC_nolock();
#endif

    // Side-table-only retain count
    bool sidetable_isDeallocating();
    void sidetable_clearDeallocating();

    bool sidetable_isWeaklyReferenced();
    void sidetable_setWeaklyReferenced_nolock();

    id sidetable_retain();
    id sidetable_retain_slow(SideTable&amp; table);

    uintptr_t sidetable_release(bool performDealloc = true);
    uintptr_t sidetable_release_slow(SideTable&amp; table, bool performDealloc = true);

    bool sidetable_tryRetain();

    uintptr_t sidetable_retainCount();
#if DEBUG
    bool sidetable_present();
#endif
};

</code></pre><p>以上就是objc_object的具体声明结构,里面有许多值得深究的问题,也是接下来会继续关注的问题.</p>
<h3 id="二-实例对象的初始化"><a href="#二-实例对象的初始化" class="headerlink" title="二.实例对象的初始化"></a>二.实例对象的初始化</h3><h4 id="1-alloc"><a href="#1-alloc" class="headerlink" title="1.alloc"></a>1.alloc</h4><p>下面我们来看一个对象的实例化过程:</p>
<pre><code>Class newClass = objc_allocateClassPair(objc_getClass(&quot;NSObject&quot;), &quot;newClass&quot;, 0);
        objc_registerClassPair(newClass);
        id newObject = [[newClass alloc]init];
        NSLog(@&quot;%s&quot;,class_getName([newObject class]));
        NSLog(@&quot;Hello, World!&quot;);
</code></pre><p>上面代码时创建一个newClass类,并且用这个新类实例化一个newObject对象.查看一下alloc方法和init方法的调用栈,其中省略了中间过程:</p>
<pre><code>id _objc_rootAlloc(Class cls)
└── static id callAlloc(Class cls, bool checkNil, bool allocWithZone=false)
    └── id class_createInstance(Class cls, size_t extraBytes)
        └── id _class_createInstanceFromZone(Class cls, size_t extraBytes, void *zone, bool cxxConstruct, size_t *outAllocatedSize)
            ├── size_t instanceSize(size_t extraBytes)
            ├── void    *calloc(size_t, size_t)
            └── inline void objc_object::initInstanceIsa(Class cls, bool hasCxxDtor)
</code></pre><p>其中NSObject.mm中对alloc的实现如下:</p>
<pre><code>+ (id)alloc {
    return _objc_rootAlloc(self);
}
</code></pre><p>这里面调用了一个私有函数,返回一个id类型(objc_object)如下:</p>
<pre><code>id
_objc_rootAlloc(Class cls)
{
    return callAlloc(cls, false/*checkNil*/, true/*allocWithZone*/);
}
</code></pre><p>NSObject.mm对callAlloc()实现:</p>
<pre><code>// Call [cls alloc] or [cls allocWithZone:nil], with appropriate
// shortcutting optimizations.
static ALWAYS_INLINE id
callAlloc(Class cls, bool checkNil, bool allocWithZone=false)
{
    if (slowpath(checkNil &amp;&amp; !cls)) return nil;

#if __OBJC2__
    if (fastpath(!cls-&gt;ISA()-&gt;hasCustomAWZ())) {
        // No alloc/allocWithZone implementation. Go straight to the allocator.
        // fixme store hasCustomAWZ in the non-meta class and
        // add it to canAllocFast&#39;s summary
        if (fastpath(cls-&gt;canAllocFast())) {
            // No ctors, raw isa, etc. Go straight to the metal.
            bool dtor = cls-&gt;hasCxxDtor();
            id obj = (id)calloc(1, cls-&gt;bits.fastInstanceSize());
            if (slowpath(!obj)) return callBadAllocHandler(cls);
            obj-&gt;initInstanceIsa(cls, dtor);
            return obj;
        }
        else {
            // Has ctor or raw isa or something. Use the slower path.
            id obj = class_createInstance(cls, 0);
            if (slowpath(!obj)) return callBadAllocHandler(cls);
            return obj;
        }
    }
#endif

    // No shortcuts available.
    if (allocWithZone) return [cls allocWithZone:nil];
    return [cls alloc];
}
</code></pre><p>其中有个class_createInstance()函数,这函数中会调用_class_createInstanceFromZone()函数:</p>
<pre><code>static __attribute__((always_inline))
id
_class_createInstanceFromZone(Class cls, size_t extraBytes, void *zone,
                              bool cxxConstruct = true,
                              size_t *outAllocatedSize = nil)
{
    if (!cls) return nil;

    assert(cls-&gt;isRealized());

    // Read class&#39;s info bits all at once for performance
    bool hasCxxCtor = cls-&gt;hasCxxCtor();
    bool hasCxxDtor = cls-&gt;hasCxxDtor();
    bool fast = cls-&gt;canAllocNonpointer();

    size_t size = cls-&gt;instanceSize(extraBytes);
    if (outAllocatedSize) *outAllocatedSize = size;

    id obj;
    if (!zone  &amp;&amp;  fast) {
        obj = (id)calloc(1, size);
        if (!obj) return nil;
        obj-&gt;initInstanceIsa(cls, hasCxxDtor);
    }
    else {
        if (zone) {
            obj = (id)malloc_zone_calloc ((malloc_zone_t *)zone, 1, size);
        } else {
            obj = (id)calloc(1, size);
        }
        if (!obj) return nil;

        // Use raw pointer isa on the assumption that they might be
        // doing something weird with the zone or RR.
        obj-&gt;initIsa(cls);
    }

    if (cxxConstruct &amp;&amp; hasCxxCtor) {
        obj = _objc_constructOrFree(obj, cls);
    }

    return obj;
}
</code></pre><p>这里面有:1)instanceSize()是给对象分配内存空间:</p>
<pre><code>size_t instanceSize(size_t extraBytes) {
    size_t size = alignedInstanceSize() + extraBytes;
    if (size &lt; 16) size = 16;
    return size;
}

uint32_t alignedInstanceSize() {
    return word_align(unalignedInstanceSize());
}

uint32_t unalignedInstanceSize() {
    assert(isRealized());
    return data()-&gt;ro-&gt;instanceSize;
}
</code></pre><p>2)initIsa()初始化isa指针</p>
<pre><code>inline void
objc_object::initIsa(Class cls)
{
    initIsa(cls, false, false);
}

inline void
objc_object::initIsa(Class cls, bool nonpointer, bool hasCxxDtor)
{
    assert(!isTaggedPointer());

    // 不是tagged pointer
    if (!nonpointer) {
        isa.cls = cls;
    } else {
        assert(!DisableNonpointerIsa);
        assert(!cls-&gt;instancesRequireRawIsa());

        isa_t newisa(0);

#if SUPPORT_INDEXED_ISA
        assert(cls-&gt;classArrayIndex() &gt; 0);
        newisa.bits = ISA_INDEX_MAGIC_VALUE;
        // isa.magic is part of ISA_MAGIC_VALUE
        // isa.nonpointer is part of ISA_MAGIC_VALUE
        newisa.has_cxx_dtor = hasCxxDtor;
        newisa.indexcls = (uintptr_t)cls-&gt;classArrayIndex();
#else
        newisa.bits = ISA_MAGIC_VALUE;
        // isa.magic is part of ISA_MAGIC_VALUE
        // isa.nonpointer is part of ISA_MAGIC_VALUE
        newisa.has_cxx_dtor = hasCxxDtor;
        newisa.shiftcls = (uintptr_t)cls &gt;&gt; 3;
#endif

        // This write must be performed in a single store in some cases
        // (for example when realizing a class because other threads
        // may simultaneously try to use the class).
        // fixme use atomics here to guarantee single-store and to
        // guarantee memory order w.r.t. the class index table
        // ...but not too atomic because we don&#39;t want to hurt instantiation
        isa = newisa;
    }
}
</code></pre><h4 id="2-init"><a href="#2-init" class="headerlink" title="2.init"></a>2.init</h4><p>init()函数调用栈很简单,只是调用了_objc_rootInit()私有函数,并返回对象本身</p>
<pre><code>- (id)init {
    return _objc_rootInit(self);
}

id
_objc_rootInit(id obj)
{
    // In practice, it will be hard to rely on this function.
    // Many classes do not properly chain -init calls.
    return obj;
}

</code></pre><p><strong>对象的初始化过程可以总结为分配内存空间并且初始化isa_t结构的过程.</strong></p>
<h3 id="编译后源码库"><a href="#编译后源码库" class="headerlink" title="编译后源码库"></a>编译后源码库</h3><p><strong>编译后的源码放在<a href="https://github.com/waitwalker/Runtime" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Github</a>, 如果对你有帮助,请给一个star吧!</strong></p>
<h3 id="博客地址-amp-相关文章"><a href="#博客地址-amp-相关文章" class="headerlink" title="博客地址&amp;相关文章"></a>博客地址&amp;相关文章</h3><p><strong>博客地址:</strong> <a href="https://waitwalker.github.io/">https://waitwalker.github.io/</a></p>
<p>系列文章:</p>
<p><a href="https://waitwalker.github.io/2019/04/08/Runtime%E6%BA%90%E7%A0%81%E7%BC%96%E8%AF%91/">1. Runtime源码编译</a></p>
<p><a href="https://waitwalker.github.io/2019/04/10/objc-object%E8%A7%A3%E8%AF%BB/">2. objc_object解读</a></p>
<p><a href="https://waitwalker.github.io/2019/04/12/Method%E8%A7%A3%E8%AF%BB/">3. Method解读</a></p>
<p><a href="https://waitwalker.github.io/2019/04/15/Class%E8%A7%A3%E8%AF%BB/">4. Class解读</a></p>
<p><a href="https://waitwalker.github.io/2019/04/15/Ivar-objc-property-t-Protocol%E8%A7%A3%E8%AF%BB/">5. Ivar objc_property_t Protocol解读</a></p>
<p><a href="https://waitwalker.github.io/2019/04/18/Block%E8%A7%A3%E8%AF%BB/">6. Block解读</a></p>
<p><a href="http://waitwalker.cn/2019/04/22/Retain-Release解读/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">7. Retain&amp;Release解读</a></p>
<p><a href="http://waitwalker.cn/2019/04/23/Autorelease解读/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">8. Autorelease解读</a></p>
<p><a href="http://waitwalker.cn/2019/04/24/Weak解读/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">9. Weak解读</a></p>
<p><a href="http://waitwalker.cn/2019/04/25/msgSend-解读/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">10. msgSend()解读</a></p>
<h3 id="参考文献"><a href="#参考文献" class="headerlink" title="参考文献:"></a>参考文献:</h3><p><a href="https://blog.devtang.com/2014/05/30/understand-tagged-pointer/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://blog.devtang.com/2014/05/30/understand-tagged-pointer/</a></p>

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